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(This is an article
I wrote in 1990 and published a version of in Re:al in 1991.)
Most of
you know Andy Adams as a novelist, as the author of The Log of
a Cowboy, a novel about a cattle drive from South Texas to Montana.
He published it in 1904 and followed it with a collection of short
stories and three other novels about the cattle business, A Texas
Matchmaker, The Outlet, and Reed Anthony, Cowman. He
later wrote two books for children about ranching. Andy Adams was
also a collector of folktales. In each of his works, he includes stories
told by his characters, usually referring to them as yarns, usually
having them told around campfires. Wilson Hudson selected these stories
from the various works and in 1956 published them as Why the Chisholm
Trail Forks and other Tales of the Cattle Country.
I have been attracted to these tales because of my interest in the
dialects of Texas, particularly that of the cowboy, and because Andy
Adams has been praised for the authenticity of his writing. Hudson
has said of Andy’s cowboy talk.
Andy’s
rendering of the language used by tellers of the campfire tales is
in keeping with his general literary attitude. It is colorful and
appropriate but not overdone or exaggerated. It is the language of
cowboys and Rangers reworked and made smoother than it actually was.
Though it has the ring of real talk, it could hardly be studied by
a modern scholar as an altogether accurate and reliable specimen of
the language of the Southwest in the seventies and eighties. Andy
has done what most writers attempt to do when they have to represent
a specialized or localized way of talking: he has retained the idioms
and figures and improved the grammar and connection. The result that
he obtains is convincing and lively. (Adams, p. xxiv)
I would agree with Hudson that the language of these tales does not
represent an altogether accurate rendering of the language of the
Southwest at that time, but it is a part of the puzzle in discovering
now what some of the features of Cowboy talk at that time were. I
have cataloged features of the speech of those who were trail drivers
as they are represented in print. I have been checking my results
against what I see in books about Cowboy speech particularly the work
of Ramon Adams, author of Western Words and Cowboy Lingo.
I have also been checking how the language of the autobiographies
of trail drivers compares to that of fictional representations.
Andy Adams is, in Log of the Cowboy much more formal, particularly
in choice of words, than any of the others who wrote of the trail-driving
days. He uses the flowery diction of a turn-of-the-century editorial
writer. For example consider this passage early in The Log.
Just why my father moved, at the close of the civil war, from Georgia
to Texas, is to this good hour a mystery to me. While we did not exactly
belong to the poor whites, we classed with them in poverty, being
renters; but I am inclined to think my parents were intellectually
superior to that common type of the South. Both were foreign born,
my mother being Scotch and my father a north of Ireland man,–as
I remember him, now, impulsive, hasty in action, and slow to confess
a fault. It was impulsiveness that led him to volunteer and serve
four years in the Confederate army,–trying years to my mother,
with a brood of seven children to feed, garb, and house. The war brought
me my initiation as a cowboy, of which I have now, after the long
lapse of years, the greater portion of which spent with cattle, a
distinct recollection.
With his campfire tales, though, Adams is less formal, yet still more
formal than any of the trail drivers I have read. Even in the campfire
tales we have examples of rather formal word choice and sentence structure.
“But a quart amongst eight of us was not dangerous, so the night
passed without incident, though we felt a growing impatience to get
into town.” (pp. 40-41)
“Something–it might have been his ambling walk, but, anyway,
something–about my chum amused her, for she smiled and watched
him as we passed.” (p. 83)
For the most part also Adams differs from writers such as Will James
who intentially use non-standard English, for example this passage
from James’ Sand : He wanted to see what they was holding
them cattle for, and why they was taking some cattle out of the one
big herd and chasing ‘em into a smaller one. (James, p. 51)
But he does occasionally use nonstandard English. For example one
character uses a double negative, “Didn’t you never see
the girl again?” (p. 17) Another has a problem with verb agreement,
“Turkey eggs is too rich for my blood,. . . .” (p. 35)
And still another, a doctor, uses ain’t, “Billy, if the
drinks ain’t on you, charge them to me.” (p. 81) But these
are among the few examples I found in the whole collection of tales,
in contrast to James’ using such in almost every sentence.
Maybe the more important consideration is what words and structures
Adams employes to get the color that Hudson speaks of. I have separated
examples of expressions into traditional parts of speech.
The
examples of his use of comboy dialect are in the pdf
of this essay that you can download to your computer.
Two
Editors' Comments on Representing Cowboy Speech in Print
Some
General Characteristics of Printed Cowboy Talk
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Connecting
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A Syntactic Guide to English Punctuation—
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Word
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